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Factors of a Number in Java

Last Updated on May 16, 2023 by Prepbytes

Factors are numbers that divide a given number exactly, with the implication that the remainder should be 0. We will talk about various Java programming techniques to find all the factors of a number.

Factors of a Number in Java with Various Methods

Finding every element of a given integer input is the aim. To achieve this, we’ll explore the range from 1 to the number itself using loops, checking each step for any factors. We will either add the number to the list of factors or only print the factors along the way if the integer is a factor of the number. We’ll now go over every method there is for finding a number’s factors in Java.:

Approach 1: Factors of a Number in Java using Loop

The for loop is the first method we use to determine a number’s factors. We perform a for loop from 1 to the number n, whose factors we must determine. The factors are then determined by looking for numbers that divide n exactly.

Code Implementation

class Factor {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // We store the number, of which we wish to obtain the factors in variable n
        int n = 40;

        // Now, using for loop and with the following logic, we shall determine the
        // factors of the integer stored in n
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
            if (n % i == 0) {
                System.out.printf(" %d ", i);
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

1  2  4  5  8  10  20  40 

Using a while or do-while loop, the same thing can be done. Only the syntax varies; the logic is the same in both cases.

Approach 2: Factors of a Number in Java using While Loop

In this method, we will use a while loop to find the factors of a number in Java. Everything is the same as the above approach, just a slight change in the loop, instead of for loop, we will use the while loop for implementing it.

Code Implementation

class PrepBytes {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // We store the number, of which we wish to obtain the factors in variable n
        int n = 40, i = 1;

        // Now, using the while loop and with the following logic, we shall determine the
        // factors of the integer stored in n
        while(i <= n) {
            if(n % i == 0) {
                System.out.printf(" %d ", i);
            }
            i++; // incrementing value
        }
    }
}

Output:

1  2  4  5  8  10  20  40 

Approach 3: Factors of a Number in Java using a Do-while Loop

The main logic is also the same for this logic, just a slight difference in running of the loop. Instead of a while loop, we will run a do-while loop to implement the logic.

Code Implementation

class PrepBytes {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // We store the number, of which 
        // we wish to obtain the factors, in variable n
        int n = 40, i = 1;

        // Now, using do while loop and with the following logic, 
        // we shall determine the factors of the integer stored in n
        do {
            if(n % i == 0) {
                System.out.printf(" %d ", i);
            }
            i++; // incrementing variable
        } while(i <= n);
    }
}

Output:

1  2  4  5  8  10  20  40

Finding all the factors of a number using the methods mentioned above is naive. Simply verifying each integer to see if it divides n and publishing the result, we iterate from 1 to n. The technique has an O(n) time complexity and an O(1) auxiliary space need.

Can the approach described above be improved? Yes, it is the answer. We will now go through a better method for determining a number’s factors.

Approach 4: Factors of a Number in Java with an Optimized Method

All of a number’s factors can be said to be present in pairs if they are carefully observed.

Example: The different pairings of divisors for n = 100 are (1,100), (2,50), (4,25), (5,20), and (10,10). Similar to this, the different pairs of divisors for n = 40 are (1,40), (2,20), (4,10), and (5,8).

The fact that this holds true for all other numbers allows us to come up with a more effective approach. The number’s square root is the single iteration that is necessary to produce all the pairs. It’s vital to remember that the number is only taken into account once for equal pairs (such as (10,10)).

Code Implementation

class PrepBytes {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // We store the number, of which we wish to obtain the factors, in variable n
        int n = 40;

        // Now, using for loop and with the following logic, we shall determine the
        // factors of the integer stored in n
        for (int i = 1; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {
            if (n % i == 0) {
                // If divisors are equal, print only one
                if (n/i == i)
                    System.out.print(" "+ i);
       
                else // Otherwise, print both
                    System.out.print(i+" " + n/i + " " );
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

1 40 2 20 4 10 5 8 

Time Complexity: O(sqrt(n))

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

The answer provides all of the number’s factors, but as they are not sorted, there is still room for improvement. To our advantage, we may change the code such that it prints all factors in sorted order.

Since the pairings will be sorted, we shall print half of them first. The numbers that entirely divide the number will be produced as a result, and we can then print the quotient for each number to obtain the other half.

Code Implementation

class PrepBytes {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int n = 40; // given number

        int i; // declaring i in outer scope
        for (i = 1; i * i < n; i++) {
            if (n % i == 0)
                System.out.print(i + " "); // numbers  which left remainder 0
        }
// now decrementing i to calculate quotients
        if (i - (n / i) == 1) {
            i--;
        }
        for (; i >= 1; i--) // quotient of numbers which give remainder as 0
        {
            if (n % i == 0)
                System.out.print(n / i + " ");
        }
    }
}

Output

1 2 4 5 8 10 20 40 

Here also, time complexity remains the same O(sqrt(n)).

Factors of Negative Number

We can compute all of a negative number’s positive factors, duplicate them, then add a negative sign in front of the duplicates to discover its factors. To print all factors, we can also do this by traversing from -n to n. 0 must be disregarded because it will result in an error.

Code Implementation

public class PrepBytes {
  public static void main(String[] args) {

    // In this example, we will find factors of a negative number, so let's store a
    // negative integer in the variable n
    int n = -35;

    // Here, we need to iterate the values in a for loop running from +n to -n
    // excluding 0.
    for (int i = n; i <= Math.abs(n); ++i) {

      // For skipping 0, we will add the continue statement..
      if (i == 0) {
        continue;
      } else {
        if (n % i == 0) {
          System.out.printf(" %d ", i);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Output

-35  -7  -5  -1  1  5  7  35

Summary
Let’s review what we learned in the article to wrap things up:

  • Factors of the given number are those that divide it exactly, leaving 0 as the only reminder.
  • In computer programming, we can iterate over all the numbers from 1 to n to check factors by using loops like for, while, and do while.
  • To calculate all factors by going from 1 to n, the time complexity is O(n).
  • The number’s factors do appear in pairs. As a result, the time complexity of computing all the factors can be reduced to O(sqrt(n)).

FAQ related to Factors of a Number in Java

Q1. What is the time complexity of finding factors of a number in Java?
Ans. The time complexity of finding factors of a number in Java is O(n) where n is the given number. However, by using the optimization mentioned above, we can reduce the time complexity to O(sqrt(n)).

Q2. Can we find the factors of a large number in Java?
Ans. Yes, we can find the factors of a large number in Java, but the time complexity of the program will increase as the number gets larger.

Q3. Can we find the prime factors of a number in Java?
Ans. Yes, we can find the prime factors of a number in Java by using a similar approach as finding factors and checking whether each factor is a prime number or not.

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