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Last Updated on March 31, 2022 by Ria Pathak

Concepts Used

Breadth First Search

Difficulty Level

Hard

Problem Statement :

Given a graph we have to find the length of the shortest cycle in the given graph. If no cycle exists print −1.

See original problem statement here

Solution Approach :

Introduction :

Idea is to check the length of the cycle from every vertex and print the minimum length, if no cycle is present print -1.

We can use BFS to store the cycle length for every vertex.

Description :

We will iterate for all vertices and store distance and parent of every vertex v using distance[ ] and parent[ ] array. Now for every v iterate for all its adjacent vertices a, if a is not visited update its distance (distance[a] = distance[v]+1) and parent (parent[a] = v). If a is already visited check if parent[a] is v or not, if not then there is a cycle. Now update the minimum cycle length if the current cycle length is shorter.

Algorithms :

shortest_cycle() :

  1. create a queue and push the current vertex now perform following operations untill the queue is not empty:

  2. each time we pop a vertex v from queue, ( v = queue.front() ), we will mark the vertex v as visited (visited[v]= true).

  3. Iterate for all the adjacent vertices of v and for every adjacent vertex a, do following :

    • update the parent and distance as, parent[a] = v and distance[a]= distance[v]+1.
    • push a into the queue.
    • if a is not visited,
      and if parent[v] != a.
    • update the ans ( ans = min(ans,current cycle length) ).

Complexity Analysis:

The time complexity of the above method is represented in the form of O(V+E), where V is the number of verices and E is the number of edges.

Solutions:


 #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include<string.h>
    #define INT_MAX 99999
    #define INT_MIN -99999

    //ADJACENCY LIST
    struct node {
    int vertex;
    struct node* next;
    };
    struct node* createNode(int);

    struct Graph {
    int numVertices;
    struct node** adjLists;
    };

    // Create a node
    struct node* createNode(int v) {
    struct node* newNode = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
    newNode->vertex = v;
    newNode->next = NULL;
    return newNode;
    }

    // Create a graph
    struct Graph* createAGraph(int vertices) {
    struct Graph* graph = malloc(sizeof(struct Graph));
    graph->numVertices = vertices;

    graph->adjLists = malloc(vertices * sizeof(struct node*));

    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < vertices; i++)
        graph->adjLists[i] = NULL;

    return graph;
    }

    // Add edge
    void addEdge(struct Graph* graph, int s, int d) {
    // Add edge from s to d
    struct node* newNode = createNode(d);
    newNode->next = graph->adjLists[s];
    graph->adjLists[s] = newNode;

    // Add edge from d to s
    newNode = createNode(s);
    newNode->next = graph->adjLists[d];
    graph->adjLists[d] = newNode;
    }

    // Print the graph
    void printGraph(struct Graph* graph) {
    int v;
    for (v = 0; v < graph->numVertices; v++)
    {
        struct node* temp = graph->adjLists[v];
        //printf("\n Vertex %d\n: ", v);
        while (temp) {
        printf("%d ", temp->vertex);
        temp = temp->next;
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
    }

    //QUEUE
    struct Queue
    {
        int front, rear, size;
        unsigned capacity;
        int* array;
    };

    // function to create a queue of given capacity.
    // It initializes size of queue as 0
    struct Queue* createQueue(unsigned capacity)
    {
        struct Queue* queue = (struct Queue*) malloc(sizeof(struct Queue));
        queue->capacity = capacity;
        queue->front = queue->size = 0;
        queue->rear = capacity - 1;  // This is important, see the enqueue
        queue->array = (int*) malloc(queue->capacity * sizeof(int));
        return queue;
    }

    // Queue is full when size becomes equal to the capacity
    int isFull(struct Queue* queue)
    {  return (queue->size == queue->capacity);  }

    // Queue is empty when size is 0
    int isEmpty(struct Queue* queue)
    {  return (queue->size == 0); }

    // Function to add an item to the queue.
    // It changes rear and size
    void enqueue(struct Queue* queue, int item)
    {
        if (isFull(queue))
            return;
        queue->rear = (queue->rear + 1)%queue->capacity;
        queue->array[queue->rear] = item;
        queue->size = queue->size + 1;
    }

    // Function to remove an item from queue.
    // It changes front and size
    int dequeue(struct Queue* queue)
    {
        if (isEmpty(queue))
            return INT_MIN;
        int item = queue->array[queue->front];
        queue->front = (queue->front + 1)%queue->capacity;
        queue->size = queue->size - 1;
        return item;
    }

    // Function to get front of queue
    int front(struct Queue* queue)
    {
        if (isEmpty(queue))
            return INT_MIN;
        return queue->array[queue->front];
    }

    int min(int a,int b)
    {
    return (a<b)?a:b;
    }

    int shortest_cycle(struct Graph* graph,int n) 
    { 
        // To store length of the shortest cycle 
        int ans = INT_MAX; 

        // For all vertices 
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { 

            // Make distance maximum 
            int dist[n];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            dist[i]=INT_MAX;

            // Take a imaginary parent 
            int par[n] ; 
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            par[i]= -1;

            // Distance of source to source is 0 
            dist[i] = 0; 
            struct Queue* q = createQueue(1000);

            // Push the source element 
            enqueue(q,i);

            // Continue until queue is not empty 
            while (!isEmpty(q)) { 

                // Take the first element 
                int x = front(q); 
                dequeue(q); 


                // Traverse for all it's childs 
                struct node* temp = graph->adjLists[x];
                while(temp) { 

                    // If it is not visited yet 
                    if (dist[temp->vertex] == INT_MAX) { 

                        // Increase distance by 1 
                        dist[temp->vertex] = 1 + dist[x]; 

                        // Change parent 
                        par[temp->vertex] = x; 

                        // Push into the queue 
                        enqueue(q,temp->vertex); 
            } 

                    // If it is already visited 
                    else if (par[x] != temp->vertex) 
                        ans = min(ans, dist[x] + dist[temp->vertex] + 1); 

                    temp = temp->next;
                } 
            } 
        } 

        // If graph contains no cycle 
        if (ans == INT_MAX) 
            return -1; 

        // If graph contains cycle 
        else
            return ans; 
    } 

    int main() 
    { 
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {

        int n ,e;
        scanf("%d %d",&n,&e);
        struct Graph* graph = createAGraph(n);

        while(e--)
        {

    int u,v;
    scanf("%d %d",&u,&v);
        addEdge(graph, u,v); 
        }
        printf("%d\n",shortest_cycle(graph,n));

    }

        return 0; 
    } 

#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
    using namespace std; 
    #define N 10000

    vector<int> gr[N]; 

    // Function to add edge 
    void Add_edge(int x, int y) 
    { 
        gr[x].push_back(y); 
        gr[y].push_back(x); 
    } 

    // Function to find the length of 
    // the shortest cycle in the graph 
    int shortest_cycle(int n) 
    { 
        // To store length of the shortest cycle 
        int ans = INT_MAX; 

        // For all vertices 
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { 

            // Make distance maximum 
            vector<int> dist(n, INT_MAX); 

            // Take a imaginary parent 
            vector<int> par(n, -1); 

            // Distance of source to source is 0 
            dist[i] = 0; 
            queue<int> q; 

            // Push the source element 
            q.push(i); 

            // Continue until queue is not empty 
            while (!q.empty()) { 

                // Take the first element 
                int x = q.front(); 
                q.pop(); 

                // Traverse for all it's childs 
                for (int child : gr[x]) { 

                    // If it is not visited yet 
                    if (dist[child] == INT_MAX) { 

                        // Increase distance by 1 
                        dist[child] = 1 + dist[x]; 

                        // Change parent 
                        par[child] = x; 

                        // Push into the queue 
                        q.push(child); 
            } 

                    // If it is already visited 
                    else if (par[x] != child) 
                        ans = min(ans, dist[x] + dist[child] + 1); 
                } 
            } 
        } 

        // If graph contains no cycle 
        if (ans == INT_MAX) 
            return -1; 

        // If graph contains cycle 
        else
            return ans; 
    } 

    int main() 
    { 
    int t;
    cin>>t;
    while(t--)
    {

        int n ,e;
        cin>>n>>e;
        for(int i=0;i<e;i++)
        gr[i].clear();

        while(e--)
        {

    int u,v;
    cin>>u>>v;
        Add_edge(u,v); 
        }
        cout <<shortest_cycle(n)<<endl;

    }

        return 0; 
    } 

 import java.util.*; 

    class Main
    { 

        static final int N = 100200; 
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 
        static Vector<Integer>[] gr = new Vector[N]; 

        // Function to add edge 
        static void Add_edge(int x, int y) 
        { 
            gr[x].add(y); 
            gr[y].add(x); 
        } 

        // Function to find the length of 
        // the shortest cycle in the graph 
        static int shortest_cycle(int n) 
        { 

            // To store length of the shortest cycle 
            int ans = Integer.MAX_VALUE; 

            // For all vertices 
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
            { 

                // Make distance maximum 
                int[] dist = new int[n]; 
                Arrays.fill(dist, (int) 1e9); 

                // Take a imaginary parent 
                int[] par = new int[n]; 
                Arrays.fill(par, -1); 

                // Distance of source to source is 0 
                dist[i] = 0; 
                Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList<>(); 

                // Push the source element 
                q.add(i); 

                // Continue until queue is not empty 
                while (!q.isEmpty()) 
                { 

                    // Take the first element 
                    int x = q.poll(); 

                    // Traverse for all it's childs 
                    for (int child : gr[x]) 
                    { 
                        // If it is not visited yet 
                        if (dist[child] == (int) (1e9)) 
                        { 

                            // Increase distance by 1 
                            dist[child] = 1 + dist[x]; 

                            // Change parent 
                            par[child] = x; 

                            // Push into the queue 
                            q.add(child); 
                        } 
                    else if (par[x] != child && par[child] != x) 
                        ans = Math.min(ans, dist[x] + dis[child] + 1); 
                    } 
                } 
            } 

            // If graph contains no cycle 
            if (ans == Integer.MAX_VALUE) 
                return -1; 

            // If graph contains cycle 
            else
                return ans; 
        } 

        // Driver Code 
        public static void main(String[] args) 
        { 
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        while(t-->0)
        {
        int n = sc.nextInt();
        int e = sc.nextInt();
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
                gr[i] = new Vector<>(); 


            while(e-->0)
            {
            int u = sc.nextInt();
            int v = sc.nextInt();
                Add_edge(u,v); 
            }

            // Function call 
            System.out.println(shortest_cycle(n)); 
        }
      } 
    } 

[forminator_quiz id="2125"]

This article tried to discuss Breadth First Search. Hope this blog helps you understand and solve the problem. To practice more problems on Breadth First Search you can check out MYCODE | Competitive Programming.

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